TUGAS UAS BHS INGGRIS

DEPARTEMEN AGAMA R.I
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI
SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI BANDUNG
FAKULTAS TARBIYAH
Jl. Raya Cipadung No. 105 Ujungberung Bandung 40614 Telp. 7802276 Fax. (022) 7803936

UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER I

Mata Kuliah: Bahasa Inggris I
Dosen : H. Suhendra, M.Ag.


Ujian perbaikan bahasa inggris
Nama : English : I
Nim : Smt/kelas :


I. Choose a, b, c, or d to complete the sentences.
01. Do the S1 Penyetaraan students … Enghlish?
(a. study; b. studies; c. studied; d. studying)
02. Yes, English … studied by them on Sundays.
(a. is; b. was ; c. were ; d. will be)
03. … the students study Arabic last week?
(a. Do; b. Did; c. Does; d. Will)
04. Yes, Arabic … by them a week ago.
(a. is studied; b. was studied; c. will be studied; d. has been studied)
05. Where… your friends go last month?
(a. are; b. do; c. did; d. does)
06. My friends and I …to Bandung a month ago.
(a. are; b. go; c. went; d. gone)
07. What … you do tonight? I am going to do my homework.
(a. does; b. do; c. would; d. will)
08. … Tom … the new model bicycle tomorrow?
(a. Did…buy; b. Does…buy; c. Is…buying; d. Will…buy)
09. No, the expensive bicycle … by his parents tomorrow.
( a. was bought; b. is bought; c. will be bought; d. has been bought)
10. We are …our grammar final test.
(a. accomplish; b. accomplished; c. accomplishing; d. accomplishes)
11. We were doing an English test when the supervisor….
(a. comes; b. came; c. is coming; d. coming)
12. I asked him, “Can I come tonight?”. He said, “Sure, I ..waiting for you”
(a. am; b. will be; c. will; d. was)
13. She asked me, “Has Ali already come?” I said, “Yes, he’s just…”
(a. arrived; b. has arrived; c. arrives; d. arriving)

14. I …Arabic before I began to study English.
(a. had studied; b. would studied; c. studied; d. was studying)
15. Will you …English before you study Arabic tomorrow?
(a. be studying; b. have studied; c. study; d. had studied)
16. How long have you… Arabic? For about two hours.
(a. studied; b. been studying; c. studying; d. study)
17. I … studying Arabic for two hours by the time you come.
(a. am; b. will; c. will have been; d. will be)
18. Is this your dictionary? Yes, that’s …
(a. I; b. me; c. mine; d. my have)
19. Did the lost pen belong to her? Yes, I…gave it two years ago.
(a. meself; b. self; c. mine; d. myself)
20. Does her husband live with …? No, although he…still loves her.
(a. him…herself; b. him…her; c. her…him; d. her…himself )
21. Does she live at the house…? No, she lives with …little son.
(a. by herself…her; b by himself…his. ; c. herself…her; d. himself…his)
22. Is John as… Jane, his girl friend?
(a. old like; b. old as; c. old; d. older than)
23. Yes, he is …his girl friend.
(a. the same age with; b. same age as; c. the same age as; d. the same old as)
24. These pens are …those ones.
(a. the same with; b. the same like; c. similar with; d. similar to)
25. Are your book and mine similar? No, they are not…
(a. same; b. like; c. the same; d. similar to)
26. Marlene is smarter and… than her sisters but she is selfish, isn’t she?
(a. more beauty; b. more beautiful; c. beautiful; d. beautifuler)
27. This year, her husband comes and sees her… than last year, doesn’t he?
(a. less frequently; b. less frequency; c. frequent; d. frequently)
28. The prices are … expensive than … at a discount store.
(a. most…those; b. more…those; c. the most…that; d. the more…those)
29. The students study English every week, …?
(a. aren’t they; b. are they; c. don’t they; d. didn’t they)
30. I am her faithful fiancé,…?
(a. do I; b. am not I; c. am I; d. aren’t I)
31. My fiancée is … beautiful but also clever.
(a. both; b. only; c. not only; d. not)
32. Tom and Tim met both their father… mother.
(a. also; b. and; c. and also; d. but also)
33. Either John or Jane … a written test at the moment.
(a. is doing; b. does; c. are doing; d. have done)
34. Neither my uncle… my parents… teachers.
(a. or…is; b. nor…are; c. nor…is; d. or… are)
35. You … pass the final exam if you are lazy.
(a. will have b. would have; c. will not; d. would not)
36. She …you if she had much time.
(a. helps; b. helped; c. will help; d. would help)
37. If she had been ready to be his wife two years ago, he …her.
(a. has married; b. would marry; c. would have married; d. will marry)
38. Some … bought some… yesterday.
(a. student…food; b. students…food; c. student…foods; d. students…foods)
39. We do not have … about the dangerous terrorist.
(a. any information; b. much informations; c. many informations; d. an information)
40. She needed only… salt for her husband’s vegetable.
(a. a few; b. a little; c. little; d. few)

II. Complete the sentences on the left-hand side by using words or phrases available on the
right-hand side. Insert a, b, c, etc. suitable to the sentences.


41. Everest is the world’s…mountain.
42. Everything will certainly be back ...
43. Jane and her husband… bought the new car.
44. The world’s … ocean is the Pacific.
45. A good man doesn’t only think of ...
46. Islam and Christianity are…in some respects.
47. He’s written his wife a letter,…?
48. He’s doing his difficult job,…?
49. He’s not only clever…diligent.
50. If he… a bird, he would fly to her house.

a. were
b. but also
c. was
d. isn’t he
e. hasn’t he
f. the same as
g. the same
h. himself
i. largest
j. themselves
k. to Him, the One and Only God
l. highest


III. Re-arrange the following words so as to make correct sentences.

51. aren’t I-as -you, -I? -I -as –old -am
52. neither black -blue -roses -nor -? -are
53. both white -and -the colors -yellow -of -roses-are
54. does -a car -have -to -much -Amir -money -not -buy
55. you -pass -if -study -not -hard -will not -you -the exam –do

PART II
PART OF SPEECH

1. Noun (kata benda)
a word used for the name of person, place, thing or idea or concept.
e.g. Sukarno is the first president of Indonesia (name of person)
I live in Jakarta (name of place)
We sit on the chair (name of thing)
The diligent student will get success (name of an idea or concept)

2. Pronoun (kata pengganti)
a word that makes the place of noun making repetition of it unnecessary (for some cases)
e.g. This is Ahmad. He is may brother
That is your book and this is mine
The teacher got angry with the pupils, because they didn't do their
assignment

3. Adjective (kata sifat)
a word used to qualify noun or pronoun
e.g. I want to buy a new pen
Marta is a smart student
I like the red apple, but I dislike the green apple
This smaller shirt is your, but the lager one is mine

4. Verb (kata kerja)
a word which expresses an action or a help to make a statement
e.g. He makes a kite
She sings a song

5. Adverb
a word used to qualify the meaning of verb, adjective or another adverb
e.g. I run quickly (qualifying the verb run)
The room is very clean (qualifying the adjective clean)
She came too late (qualifying adverb late)

6. Preposition (kata depan)
a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show is relationship to some other words in a sentence
e.g. Mother goes to Bandung
I cut meat with knife

7. Conjunction (kata sambung)
a word used to related one word to another one sentence to another
e.g. Nissa and Ahmad come yesterday
I have breakfast before I go to school

8. Exclamation
a word put into a sentence to express a sudden feeling of mine or emotion
e.g. Dear me! She is crazy
Hurrah! I passed the exam









Exercises
Tell the part of speech of the underline words bellow.

1. I like spring flowers
2. The cat springs on the house
3. The spring of my watch is broken
4. The cat made a spring and caught the mouse
5. I want you to copy these home works in your book
6. The boy is very hard worker
7. You must work hard
8. The fly walked over the table, and then began to fly round the table
9. Oh, what a lovely flower sitting over there
10. I water my flowers every morning
11. She puts a kettle of the water on the fire
12. The cat hides under the table
13. We climb up the hill
14. Our telephone is out of order
15. Telephone me if you want me, my address is in the telephone book


PART III
NOUN


A. Concrete Noun
< Kata benda yang berwujud, dapat dilihat dan diraba>: the name of something which can experience by seeing, touching etc.

1. Proper Noun
It is a word that stands for the name of person, country or any particular names which begins with a capital letter.
e.g. - Mia goes to school on
- We live in Indonesia
- Koran is the Moslems' holly book

2. Common Noun
It is a word that denotes an unparticular person, place or thing.
e.g. - Take your book please!
- I met a man yesterday
- Every one has to love his country

Note: Here Book doesn't point out any particular book, such as Koran, but can be used for any every book. Man doesn't denotes any particular man such as Adam, but can be used for any and every man. And country doesn't show any particular country such as Indonesia, but can used for any and every country in the world.

3. Material Noun

It is a word that denotes the matter of substance of which things are made.
e.g. - Salt is necessary to live
- Table is made of wood
- The fish lives in water
- This ring is made of gold
The words salt and water denotes the substance, while the words wood and gold denotes the matter

4. Collective Noun
It is word that denotes a group of collection of multitude taken as one complete whole.
e.g. - I see the flock in the field
- The army made the ceremony
- There are navy on the ship
The word flock stand for all the sheep at once in the field, and not for one sheep taken separately. The word flock consists of many sheep or goat, and the army stands for all soldiers and for one taken separately, and the word navy stand for all personals of the sea force.

B. Abstract Noun
It's a word that denotes some quality, state or action apart from any particular instances or material object. It stands for non-physical like a concept of idea.
e.g. (Quality) - he will be happy with your kindness
- they won the battle because their bravery
(State) - we have good pleasure today
- every pupil should pay attention to the lesson
(Action) - Islam is our choice
- his explanation is very clear

FORMATION OF ABSTRACT NOUN
1. Abstract noun formed from verb
a. “- ment”
advertise → advertisement iklan
agree → agreement persetujuan
argue → argument perdebatan
develop → development perkembangan

b. “- ion”, “- tion”
connect → connection hubungan
associate → association perkumpulan
act → action perbuatan
confuse → confusion kebingungan

c. “- ation", “- cation”, “- ition”
expect → expectation pengharapan
classify → classification pengolongan
compete → competition persaingan

d. “- ance”, “- ence”
appear → appearance penampakan diri
attend → attendance hadirin
differ → difference perbedaan
confide → confidence kepercayaan

e. “- t”
complain → complaint keluhan
fly → flight penerbagan
contain → content isi

f. “- y"
discover → discovery penemuan
injure → injury luka
recover → recovery kesembuhan

g. “- ing”
write → writing tulisan
broadcast → broadcasting siaran
read → reading bacaan

h. Abstract noun formed from same verb
to hope → hope pengharapan
to help → help pertolongan
to play → play permainan


2. Abstract noun formed from adjective
good → goodness kebaikan
young → youth muda-mudi
wise → wisdom kebijaksanaan
true → truth kebenaran
deep → depth dalamnya

3. Abstract noun formed from common noun
champion → championship kejuaraan
agent → agency keagenan
hero → heroism kepahlawanan
child → childhood masa kanak-kanak.



Exercises 3
Form abstract nouns form the following words

lonely bad beautiful hungry
ugly white bright careful
clean clever dead angry
good hard noisy quite
weak absent glade wonderful
anxious comfortable easy courageous

PART IV
SINGULAR AND PLURAL

Number is the form of word to show whether it is singular or plural. There are two kinds of number: singular number when a noun denotes one object, and plural number when a noun denotes more than one object.

The way to form the plural number
1. The general rule is made by ending "s" to the singular.
hand → hands dog → dogs
house → houses cow → cows

2. Noun ending in “s”, “x”, “sh”, “ch” and nouns ending “o” preceded by
a consonant from their plural by adding “es”.
glass → glasses watch → watches
box → boxes buffalo → buffaloes
brush → brushes match → matches

3. Noun ending in “o” preceded by a vowel form plural by adding “s”.
bamboo → bamboos folio → folios
studio → studios embryo → embryos

4. Words of foreign origin or abbreviated word ending in “o” add “s” only.
pianos → pianos biro → biros
photo → photos dynamo → dynamos
Some noun have two plural forms:
calico → calicos or calicoes
portico → porticos or porticoes

5. Nouns ending in “y” followed by a constant form their plural by dropping
“y” and add “ies”.
baby → babies candy → candies
lady → ladies country → countries

6. Nouns ending in “y” followed by a vowel form their plural by adding “s” only.
donkey → donkeys day → days
boy → boys toy → toys
bay → bays joy → joys

7. Some nouns ending in “f”or “fe” drop the “f”or “fe” and add “ves”
wife → wives knife → knives
wolf → wolves life → lives
self → selves thief → thieves

8. Other nouns ending in “f”or “fe”add “s” in the plural in the ordinary way.
chief → chiefs safe → safes
strife → strafes cliff → cliffs

9. A few noun form their plural a vowel change.
man → men goose → geese
foot → feet woman → women
louse → lice mouse → mice
tooth → teeth dormouse → dormice

10. There are four noun which form in the plural in “en”
brother → brethren (old use)
child → children
ox → oxen

11. Some nouns have the same form in the plural as un the singular.
deer → deer sheep → sheep
salmon → salmon trout → trout
squid → squid cod → cod

12. Noun in irregular plural.
Mr. → Messrs
Mrs. → Mesdames

13. Some nouns have no singular at all. The following is the list of those most commonly used.
arm news annals thanks
scissors fellows dregs spectacles
nuptials trousers shoes means
The word news and means, thought they are really plural but it can be used as singular.
e.g. The news gives us much grief
The news runs peace
By this means we shall all escape

14. In compound nouns.
a. Normally the last is made plural:
armchair → armchairs bedroom → bedrooms
bookcase → bookcases airplane → airplanes

b. Nouns which have two part are made plural:
vice-president → vice-presidents
lord-justice → lord-justices
woman-servant → women-servant
man-servant → men-servant

c. Nouns formed with preposition or adverb make only the first word plural:
sister-in-law → sisters-in-law
looker-on → lookers-on
coat-of-mail → coats-of-mail

d. Nouns ending “ful” make their plural in the ordinary way:
handful → handfuls
armful → armfuls




Exercises 4
1. Put these words into plural
bird bench fish army brother-in-law
lion page sheep shelf bedroom
kiss nose knife roof watchmaker

2. Put these words into singular
furniture men of war
advice chairmen
Mesdames leaves
people commander in chief
feet blackbirds


PART V
PRONOUN

Table I
Personal Possessive Reflective
Sub. Obj. Adj. Pron.
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
singular him his his him himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself

plural we us our our ourselves
they them their theirs themselves


A. Personal Pronoun
1. Subject
a. Sebelum verb to be (am, is, are)
e.g. I am student
you are student
b. Sebelum kata kerja (verb)
e.g. I gave him a book
you make me happy
2. Object
a. Sesudah verb to be
e.g. It's me that you need
That is your pen
b. Sesudah verb
e.g. I gane him a book
you make me happy
c. Sesudah preposition
e.g. he sent a letter to me
he go to campus with me
d. Sesudah kata let
e.g. let me go
let's go
e. Sesudah kata of, jika sebelum of bukan kata benda
e.g. I dream of her

B. Possessive Pronoun
1. As Adjective
Sebelum kata benda
e.g. this is my book
this is your home
2. As Pronoun
a. Dibelakang kalimat/ tidak diikuti kata benda
e.g. that is mine
that is yours
b. Sesudah kata of , jika sebelum kata of adalah kata benda
e.g. this is a book of yours

C. Reflexive Pronoun
Menunjukkan pekerjaan yang dilakukan sendiri benar-benar sendiri / tanpa pertolongan orang lain
e.g. it was given tome by the queen herself
you must go to the president by yourself

D. Demonstrative Pronoun
Kata ganti petunjuk
Singular Plural
This These
e.g. this is a chair e.g. these are chairs
That Those
e.g. that is a chair e.g. those are chairs

E. Interrogative Pronoun
* who siapa (menanyakan orang sebagai subject/pokok kalimat)
e.g. who is that girl?
who is gave you this book?
* whom siapa (menanyakan orang sebagai object/pelengkap)
e.g. from whom does she make the dress?
with whom did you go yesterday?
*whose milik siapa (menanyakan kepunyaan)
e.g. whose bag is this?
whose pencils these are?
*what apa (menanyakan nama, benda, pekerjaan atau jabatan)
e.g. what is your name?
what is he?
*where dimana (menanyakan tempat)
e.g. where do you live?
where are you going?
*when kapan (menanyakan waktu)
e.g. when did she come?
when do you want to go?
*how bagai mana, dengan apa (menanyakan keadaan, dengan cara apa)
e.g. how does he go to school?
how is your mother?
*how long berapa lama (menanyakan jangka waktu)
e.g. how long do you study everyday?
how long have you been here?
*how far berapa jauh (menanyakan jarak)
e.g. how far is it from here to the market?
how far does he walk?
* how much berapa banyak (menanyakan benda yang tidak dapat
dihitung atau harga)
e.g. how much does this shirt cost?
how much money did he gave to you?
*how many berapa banyak (menanyakan benda yang dapat dihitung)
e.g. how many sisters do you have?
how many students are there in your class?
* why mengapa (menanyakan alasan atau sebab)
e.g. why were you absent?
why did he sell his car?
*which yang mana (menanyakan pilihan)
e.g. which of them is your father?
which do you need, a book or a pencil?

6. Relative Pronoun
Table II
Subject Object Possessive
For person Who Who/whom Whose
That That
For things Which Which Whose of which
That That
Dalam bahasa Indonesia dua buah kalimat dapat digabung menjadi satu kalimat, dengan memakai yang, kalau pokok kalimat yang pertama dan pokok kalimat yang kedua terdiri dari orang yang sama atau benda yang sama.
Contoh: 1. orang itu kakak saya
2. orang itu datang dari Jakarta
Kedua kalimat itu kalau digabung menjadi: orang yang datang dari Jakarta itu, kakak saya.
Dalam bahasa Inggris: The man who come from Jakarta is my brother.
Kalau dalam bahasa Indonesia hanya menggunakan yang, tetapi dalam bahasa Inggris menggunakan:
Who dipergunakan untuk orang
e.g. the girl who lives opposite my house is very cleaver
Which dipergunakan untuk benda
e.g. swimming, which is a good sport, make people strong
That dipergunakan untuk orang atau benda
e.g. the dress that she wears is nice
Whom dipergunakan untuk orang tetapi merupakan object
e.g. the man whom spoke to you yesterday is my teacher
Whose dpergunakan untuk menanyakan kepunyaan
e.g. the man whose wife died yesterday is my uncle




Exercise:
A. Choose thee right pronoun
1. (me/I) often go to seaside
2. (we/us) all went with (her/she)
3. My teacher (he/himself) came to my house last week
4. he told Ali and (I/me) to go together
5. I know (them/they) very well

B. Make the pronoun usage in the following consistent and correct
Example: This is my book
This book is mine
This book is belong to me
1. This is his magazine
2. Those are your clothes
3. This is their room
4. These are our dress
5. This is her pen


PART VI
VERB AND AUXILIARY VERB

A word which expresses an action or a help to make a statement. There are two classes of verbs in English: ordinary verb and auxiliary verb

1. Ordinary Verb
Is a verb used to show an action of the subject to make a complete sense of a sentence. It has three kinds:

a. Transitive Verb
Is a verb that requires object
e.g. - We read a book
- John took pen
- He makes a kite
- She sings a song
The verb read, took, makes and sings need an object that book, pen, kite and song

b. Intransitive Verb
Is a verb that does not requires an object
e.g. - We sit on the chair
- You slept well last night
- They walked along the street
Here the verb sit, slept and walked don't required object

c. Linking Verb
Linking is a verb of incomplete predication. It announces that the predicate follows
e.g. - The girl is pretty
- She looks pretty
- Norman is a farmer
The sort of verbs as uncompleted predication, such as appear, be, become , get, look, remain, seen

2. Auxiliary Verb
Is a verb that helps to form a sentences of some other verb
e.g. - We have gone there
- I shall write the lesson
- he is going to the school
Note
1. Object is a word denoting a person or thing to which an action of verb is directed. Some transitive verb take two objects, one denoting a person that is the indirect object and a thing that is the direct object.
2. The auxiliary if put in an uncompleted predication functions as
intransitive. As in: Ali is student; the grass is green


AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary/Modal distinction of form or a particular set of inflectional forms of a verb to express whether the action or state it denotes is conceived as fact or in some other manner (as command, possibility, or wish).

AUXILIARY USES EXAMPLE
May polite request May I borrow your pen?
formal permission You may leave the room
less than 50% certainty Where is John? He may be at the library

Might polite request Might I borrow your pen?
less than 50% certainty Where is John? He might be at the library


Should advisability I should study tonight
90 % certainty She should do well on the test
(future only, not present)

Ought to advisability I ought to study tonight
90 % certainty She ought to do well on the test
(future only, not present)

Must strong necessity I must go to class
prohibition (negative) You must not open that door
95% certainty Mary isn't in class. She must be sick

Have to Necessity I have to go to class today
lack of necessity (negative) I don't have to go to class today

Will 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00 (future only)
willingness The phone's ringing. I'll get it.
polite request Will you please pass the salt?

Can ability/ possibility I can run fast
informal permission You can use my car tomorrow
informal polite request Can I borrow your pen?
impossibility (negative only) That can't be true!

Could past ability I could run fast when I was a children
polite request Could I borrow your pen?
Could you help me?
Suggestion I need helping math.
You could talk to your teacher
less than 50% certainty Where is John? He could be at home
impossibility (negative only) That couldn't be true!

Would polite request Would you please pass the salt?
Would you mind if I left early?
Preference I would rather go to the park than stay
home
repeated action in past When I was child, I would visit
my grandparents every weekend.

Shall polite question to make Shall I open the window
a suggestion
future with "i" or "we" I shall arrive at nine (will = more common)
as subject




Exercises 6
A. State each of the underlined verbs in these sentences whether ordinary verb or auxiliary one!
1. I am going to school
2. You have written your lesson
3. Tom is sitting in an armchair
4. I am in the classroom
5. You have much money
6. Gold is a metal

B. Fill in the blanks on the left-hand side with suitable words or phrases available on the right-hand side
1. It's hot here, …..I open the window?
2. …….. I borrow your pen?
3. I really ….. leave now, bye-bye.
4. He knew that I ….. come a little bit late.
5. What …. You like to drink.
6. You …. get up very early


May would shall
have to could must











MODAL VERBS

Modal merupakan kata Bantu untuk membentuk arti tertentu pada verba utama dalam suatu kalimat. Modal Verbs disebut juga Auxiliary Verbs yaitu terdiri dari kata-kata kerja bantu seperti:
Will
Digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu tindakan atau keadaan yang akan terjadi diwaktu yang akan datang.
e.g. - we will go by train
- she will happy to meet us
Shall
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kehendak atau tekad agar seorang melakukan sesuatu yang dikehendaki penutur.
e.g. - he shall do as I say
- he shall here at seven o'clock tomorrow morning
Can
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan untuk melakukan tindakan yang dinyatakan oleh verna utama.
e.g. - my brother can drive a car
- she can speak English
Could
Menyatakan kemampuan di waktu yang lampau, sebagai bentuk halus atau hormat dalam permintaan atau permohonan.
e.g. - my father could play football when he was young
- could you help me a moment?
Would
Digunakan jika verba dalam klausa utama (Main Clause) bentuk verba lampau, juga digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan. Penggunaan would lebih halus dari pada menggunakan will.
e.g. - I know that she would come
- would you please close the door?
- I would like to a cup of coffee
- what would you like to eat?
Should
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban dan anjuran.
e.g. - you should tell the truth (kewajiban)
- you should take a rest when you are tried (anjuran)
May
Di dunakan untuk ijin atau mengandung arti kemungkinan
e.g. - she may come to school a little late tomorrow
- you may leave the room now
Must
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan atau dugaan kuat mengenai suatu kejadian atau tindakan.
e.g. - you must go now (you have to go now)
- Santi is going to see the doctor, she must be sick
PART VII
ADVERB

a word used to qualify or modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb

A. The kind of adverb
1. Adverb of manner
Is an adverb which explains how an action happens or is done
e.g. - He speaks English fluently
(he speak it with fluently or English is spoken with fluently by him)
- We always work seriously
- Yeti is sleeping soundly
- it rained heavily
2. Adverb of place
Is one used to show a place where an action happens
e.g. - He doesn't live here
- He sells ice blocks near the school
- Let's go home
- He run up the stair
3. Adverb of time
Is one which denotes the time when an action take place
e.g. - I was still at home when you came
- Mr. Smith arrived yesterday
- When I arrived she didn't return home yet
- He is here today
- You may go home now
4. Adverb of frequency
Is one which is used denoting how often an action happens
e.g. - Eve often goes to bed too late
- He has never met his parents
- I have visited Bali twice
- Nora always comes on time
5. Adverb of degree
Is one which shows in what state an action happens or an adjective comes
e.g. - John had completely won the game
- We are served a very good meal
- She sings quite well
- Ali run fast enough
6. Adverb of affirmation or negation
Is one which is used indicating degrees of certainty of an action
e.g. - Perhaps she will come here tonight
- You are really my friend
- Einstein was certainly a genius
- It will rain apparently
7. Interrogative adverb
Is one which is used to ask questions
e.g. - Why are you late?
- Where were you yesterday?
- When did you buy this book?
8. Relative adverb
Is used to connect two sentences
e.g. - She had hardly broken her cupboard when she found the key
- The teacher stood where he could see all the pupils
- Marty felt very sorry why her son had gone so soon

B. The form of adverb
1. Most adverbs of manner and some adverbs degree are formed by adding "ly" to the corresponding adjectives:
slow → slowly quick → quickly
loud → loudly serious → seriously

2. A final “y” is change to “i” :
gay → gaily happy → happily
tidy → tidily empty → emptily

3. A final “e” is retained:
extreme → extremely brave → bravely
scarce → scarcely immediate → immediately
Exception: true, due whole becomes → truly, duly, wholly

4. Adjective ending in “able/ible” drop the final “e” and add “y”:
sensible → sensibly visible → visibly
capable → capably readable → readably

5. Adjective ending in “a vowel + l” follow the usual rule and add “ly”:
final → finally formal → formally
beautiful → beautifully continual → continually
Exception : there are some adjectives ending in “ly” have no adverb form
friendly lovely daily lonely
fatherly likely monthly

C. The comparison of adverb
1. With adverbs of two or more syllables the comparative is formed by putting "more" before the adverb, and the superlative by putting "most" before adverb:
Positive: Comparative: Superlative:
quickly more quickly most quickly
fortunately more fortunately most fortunately
ruddy more ruddy most ruddy
skillfully more skillfully most skillfully

2. Single syllable adverbs, however, and the adverb "early" add "er" and "est"
Positive: Comparative: Superlative:
harder harder hardest
higher higher highest
early early earliest
soon sooner soonest

3. Irregular comparison:
Positive: Comparative: Superlative:
ill, badly worse worst
well better best
much more most
little less least
late later latest, last
naught, near nearer nearest, next
far farther farthest
forth further furthest

D. The position of adverb
1. Between subject and its verb
e.g. - I always wake up early
- We hardly catch the bus
- We never come late
- It possibly caused damages

2. After auxiliary verb
e.g. - She must often help us
- They will surely come
- You can hardly speak
- the snow is really interesting

3. At the beginning or the end of sentence
e.g. - Yesterday Caroline visited me
- Finally they won the game after a month hard training
- Generally an artist hires bodyguards for their own safety
- After seeing the accident she drove more carefully
- Panther is one of big cats which can run most quickly
- Dick had explained the matter most carefully
- His grandmother didn't understand still






Exercises 7
A. Supply the adverb form of the adjectives in the parentheses
1. Anne left for her work ………… (early)
2. She speak English ………… (rapid)
3. He always write ………… (careful)
4. They work very ………… (hard)
5. (usually) …………Andrew arrives at the school at 6.30
6. (Absolute) ………… who bet the puzzle will receives some prize
7. ( Hopeful) ………… we do everything to get success in our study
8. They acted ……(bad) …… in that matter
9. The gladiator fought……(brave)…… against the tiger
10. Tina sang ……(beautiful)…… to amuse the audience

B. Put the adverbs in the right place
1. I've forgotten your name. (quite)
2. Did you go to the mosque? (always, on Friday)
3. They stayed. (there, all night, quietly)
4. Shanty can swim (now, well)
5. She spoke to me (kindly, at school, this morning)
PART VIII
PRESENT TENSES

A. Simple Present
walaupun present artinya sekarang tetapi hal ini jangan ditafsirkan bahwa tindakan tersebut dilakukan pada saat ini. Tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian di waktu lampau, sekarang dan akan datang, tense ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu.
• The word is round
• I study for two hours every night
• He needs a pen right now
In general, The Simple Present expresses evens situation, that exist always, usually, habitually; they exist now have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future
The form:
Subject + Infinitive (V1)
(Plus S for the third person singular: she, he and it)
Digunakan pada peristiwa yang terjadi diwaktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana atau suatu pekerjaan/perbuatan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang, atau kebiasaan sehari-hari, atau peristiwa /perbuatan yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan waktu.
1. Daily routines - He takes a bath every day
- He goes to school every morning
- I read the newspaper
2. Habitual action - He takes a bath twice in a day
- Babies drink milk
- Ahmad walks to school
3. General truth - The earth revolves around the sun
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
Keteranga Waktu:
Always, usually, generally, often, ,Sometimes, seldom, never, as a rule, Frequently, nowadays, when, here, There, habitually, every morning, everyday, every Tuesday, now and then, on and off, once in a while, occasionally

B. Present Continuous
tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini. Kalimat-kalimat dalam tense ini sering dipakai dari pada Present Tense.
• John is sleeping now
John went to sleep at 10:00 tonight. It is now 11:00 and John still sleep. His sleep began in the past, is in progress at the present time, and probably will continue.
The form :
S + Tobe (am, are, is) + Present Participle (Ving)
It is used to denote or action which is still in progress at the moment of speaking. (menerangkan suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang)
1. Perbuatan atau kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung
• He is reading al Qur'an in his room
• We are studying English today
• They are waiting for us in front of the class
2. Perbuatan atau kegiatan yang bersifat sementara
• I am waiting a letter now but I have to visit my uncle
• She is crying but she will get some money
3. Perbuatan atau kegiatan yang segera dilakukan
• Coming soon
• I am helping you after it is finished

Note: Walaupun kalimat diucapkan ketika sedang berlangsung, tidak semua verba bisa dipakai dalam bentuk Present Continuous Tense, yaitu:
Verb of emotion : like, dislike, refuse, want, love
Verb of sense : feel, see, hear, smell, taste.
Verb of thought or opinion : believe, expect, forget, knew, prefer, realized, think,
understand.

Keteranga Waktu:
When, now, right now, at present, at this moment, today, still, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, this holyday, this weekend, soon


C. Present Perfect
ini adalah tense yang pada umumnya dianggap paling sulit untuk dipahami. Guna mengatasi hal ini kita harus menenal cirri-ciri dari tense ini.
Present perfect menitik beratkan pada sudahnya atau selesainya suatu tindakan bukan yaktu yang dilakukan tindakan tersebut. Atau dengan kata lain Present Perfect tidak mementingkan kapan terjadinya suatu tindakan tetapi sudah selesainya atau sempurnanya dilakukan tindakan. Oleh karena itu tense ini tidak pernah diikuti oleh keterangan waktu
• I have already eaten
I finished eating sometime before now. The exact time is not importance
The form
S + Have (I, you, they ,we) + Past Participle (V3)
Has (he, she, it)

It is use to denote that an action which happened at on indefinite time in the past is complete the moment of speaking.
1. Kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan masih ada kaitannya dengan waktu sekarang
• She has taught English science five years ago
• I have lived here for three years
2. Menyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi
• I have seen it
• The car has been bought
3. Perbuatan ulangan pada waktu yang tidak tertentu sebelum sekarang seperti: before, already, ever, never and yet
• I have ever seen it before
• We have already heard
• Have they even been here?
• The singer hasn't sung yet
• I have never been there
4. Perbuatan yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat, biasanya menggunakan kata: at last, finally, just, recently
• Finally, she has gone away
• She has visited me recently
• The students has at last spoken
Note : when we use the Present Perfect Tense we are not interested in the time in the past, but we want to say that action is al ready completed now.
Keteranga Waktu:
Already, just, yet, as yet, so far, lately, ever, never, once , twice, three times,
many times, several times, this week, this month, this year, up to the present time

D. Present Perfect Continuous bila suatu tindakan diawali di waktu lampau masih sedang dilakukan saat ini maka kita gunakan kalimat dalam bentuk tense ini. Mungkin juga Present Perfect Continuous dipakai untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang berkesinambungan yang baru saja di hentikan
• I have been studying for two hours
Event in progress: studying. When? Before another event in the past.
How long? For two hours
The form:
S + Have (I, you, they ,we) + been + present Participle (Ving)
Has (he, she, it)

It used to denote that an action which began in the past is still in progress now. (menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan terus berlangsung hingga sekarang)
e.g. - we have been studying English since six years ago
- I have been waiting for you since ten o'clock
- he has been working in this office for ten years
Note: some time Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to denote the fact an action has been uninterrupted. Thought it is not continuing now. Such as:
• Ahmad is very tired as he has been running the whole morning
• I am cold for I have been swimming for an hours

Keteranga Waktu:
For, since, long, how long, the whole day , all the morning.




Exercise
Use the Present Tense in the following sentences
1. Dina (wash) ………….. her hair every other day or so.
2. Please be quite. I (try) ……………. To concentrate.
3. every morning, the sun (shine) …………. In my bedroom window and (wake) …………. Me up.
4. Ahmad can't come to the phone because he (wash) …………. her dress.
5. After three days of rain, I'm glade that the sun (shine) ……………. again today.
6. Ali (go) ………….. to party at Santi's apartment last Saturday night.
7. Up to now, Professor Tafsir (give) ……………. our class five tests.
8. Sandy (arrive) ……………. here three days ago.
9. The boys are playing soccer right now. They (play) …………………for almost two hours. They must be getting tried.
10. I'm trying to study. I (try) ………………… to study for the last hour, but some thing always seems to interrupt me. I thing I'd better go to library.


PART IX
PAST TENSES

A. Simple Past
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang terjadi di waktu lampau. Cara membentuk Past Tense tergantung pada jenis verbnya yang kedua (preterit). Cara pertama dengan menambah d/ed pada preteritnya, misalnya: smoked, waited, studied, dsb. Kelompok seperti ini disebut Regular Verb (kata kerja teratur). Cara kedua, merubah vokalnya misalnya: cut-cut, drink-drank, eat-ate dsb. Kelompok ini disebut Irregular Verb.
• It rained yesterday
• I saw a good film last night
At one particular time in the past, this happened. It began and ended in the past.
The form:
Subject + Past Tense (V2)
It is used to denote an action which began and ended in the past, or to denote that an action happened, or finished at some time in the past.
1. Menerangkan peristiwa, kegiatan, perbuatan, pekerjaan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan diketahui waktu terjadinya
• I saw a good film last night
• He went to Malang last week
• She came here yesterday
2. Menjelaskan kebiasaan pada waktu lampau
• I usually took bath twice in a day
• She always cried every night
Keteranga Waktu:
Yesterday, the day before, ago, the other day, lately, this morning, in 2006,
so, last-Monday, week, when I was young.

B. Past Continuous
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau dan pada saat yang sama tindakan lain terjadi. Tense ini menekankan sedang terjadinya tindakan tersebut bukan selesainya.
• He was sleeping when I arrived
He went to sleep at 10:00 last night. I arrived at 11.00. he was still asleep. His sleep began before and was in progress at a particular time in the past. It probably his sleep will continue.
The form:
S + were (you, they ,we) + present Participle (Ving)
was (I, he, she, it)
It is used to denote that an action is still in progress at certain time in the past.
e.g. - at one o'clock yesterday, you were having lunch
- he was studying all day yesterday
1. Perbuatan yang sudah dimulai dan masih berlangsung ketika perbuatan lain menyusul pada waktu lampau
• When you called me, I was listening to the radio
• When I was sewing may dress, the light went out
2. Perbuatan yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau
• He was studying English all afternoon yesterday
Keteranga Waktu:
all day yesterday, the whole day yesterday, at 5 o'clock yesterday,
….. while ….., …… as ….., ….. when ……

C. Past Perfect
tidak berbeda dengan Past Continuous tense ini juga berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat tunggal, namun harus disertai dengan kalimat Past Tense, ini dilakukan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum suatu saat tertentu di waktu lampau
• I had already eaten when they arrived
First I finished eating. Later they arrived. My eating was completely finished before another time in the past
The form:
S + Had + Past Participle (V3)
It is used to denote an action which was complete before a definite point in the past, (dipakai untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah selesai sebelum suatu perbuatan lain dilakukan pada masa lampau. Untuk menggabungkan kedua peristiwa tersebut kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense).
e.g. - When my brother arrived, I had painted may room
- Before I took Player, I had taken ablution first
tegasnya Past Perfect digunakan pada perbuatan pertama mengunakan Past perfect dan perbuatan kedua menggunakan Simple Past.
e.g. - The train had left before I arrived
- I had copied the lesson before she come here
Action which was complete before Definite point of time in the past
e.g.
My friend had gone When I finished my work
The phone had rung By ten o'clock this morning
He had studied English before He went to England
Or
When I finished my work My friend had gone
By ten o'clock this morning The phone had rung
Before he went to England He had studied English before

Keteranga Waktu:
Before, by the end of, after, Until, as soon as

D. Past Perfect Continuous
bentuk sedang Past perfect ini melukiskan suatu tindakan yang masih berlangsung di waktu lampau ketika suatu kejadian lain memotongnya. Tense ini hampir sama dengan Past Continuous diikuti length of time atau rentang waktu, tanpa rentang waktu maka kalimat akan menjadi Past Continuous.
• I had been studying for two hours before my friend came.
Event in progress: studying.
When? Before another event in the past.
How long? For two hours.
the form:
S + Had + been + Present Participle (Ving)
it is use to denote an action beginning in the past time and was still in progress at certain time in the past also, (perbuatan yang sudah dimulai dan masih berlangsung pada waktu lampau).
e.g. - When I finished my diner, John had been playing card
- Before I entered this exam, I had been studying hard for a month

Keteranga Waktu:
When





Exercise
Use the Past Tense in the following sentences
1. I am sitting in the class right now. I (sit) ………………. In class at this exact same time yesterday.
2. I got a package in the mail. When I (open) ………………. It, I (find) ………… a surprise.
3. I (call) …………… Roger at nine last night, but he (be, not) …….. ……. at home. He (study) ………………
4. My brother and sister (argue) ………….. about something when I (walk) ………….. into the room.
5. I (hear, not) ………………. the thunder during the storm last night because I (sleep)…………………
6. He (be) ………………… a newspaper reported before he (become) …………….. businessman.
7. I (feel) ………………. a little better after I (take) ……………… the medicine.
8. It is midnight. I (study) ……………. For five straight hours. No wander I'm getting tried.
9. Wake up! You (sleep) ………………. Long enough. It's time to get up.
10. At least two hundred people were waiting in the line to buy tickets to the game. Some of them (stand) ……………….. in line for than four hours.

PART X
FUTURE TENSE

A. Simple Future:
tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang akan terjadi dimasa atau waktu yang akan datang
• It will rain tomorrow
• I will watch television tonight
At one particular time in the future, this will happen.
The form:
S + Will (you, they he, she, it) + Infinitive (V1)
Shall (I, we)
It is use to denote an action happening in future.
1. Menyatakan perbuatan yang akan datang
e.g. - He will post the letter
- I shall go to Jakarta tomorrow
2. Membuat perjanjian pada waktu yang akan datang
e.g. - He will meet you by ten
- I shall help you tonight
3. Dinyatakan untuk menunjukkan syarat
e.g. - I shall come if you invited me
- you will be clever if you study hard
4. Untuk menyatakan syarat
e.g. - will you close the door
- will you help me to get the book
Keteranga Waktu:
If, when / while, after, until, Before, as soon as, till

B. Future Continuous
digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang diperkirakan sedang berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu mendatang atau bila ada tindakan lain terjadi.
• He will be sleeping when we arrived
He will go to sleep at 10:00 tomorrow night. We will arrived at 11:00. The action of sleeping will begin before we arrived and it will be in progress at a particular time in the past. It probably his sleep will continue.
The form:
S + Will (you, they he, she, it) + be + Present Participle (Ving)
Shall (I, we)
It is used to denote an action which is still in progress at the certain time in the future.
e.g. - I shall be working at nine o'clock tomorrow morning
- at this time next week, Andy will be studying English in Harvard
Keteranga Waktu:
At this time tomorrow, At 10 o'clock tomorrow, At the same time tomorrow

C. Future Perfect
digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu tindakan yang diperkirakan telah selesai dilakukan pada saat tertentu di waktu mendatang atau bila ada tindakan lain terjadi.
• I will already have eaten when they arrived
First I will finish eating. Later they will arrive. My eating will be completely finished before another time in the future.
The form:
S + Will (you, they he, she, it) + have + Past Participle (V3)
Shall (I, we)
It is used to denote an action that will be complete at the certain time in future. Di gunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sudah dimulai dan segera selesai pada waktu yang akan datang.
e.g.
• by the time in the bell rings the students will have stayed in the classroom
• will you have cleaned your room before by the time your girl friends come?
1. Suatu kegiatan yang akan selesai atau pekerjaan yang sudah selesai pada saat akan datang
e.g. - When you finish this course, you will have learner a lot of English
2. Suatu tindakan yang mana akan terjadi dan selesai pada suatu waktu yang akan datang
e.g. - I shall have arrived in Jakarta by four o'clock tomorrow.
Keteranga Waktu:
by the end of, before, by next, by now, After, as soon as, until

D. Future Perfect Continuous
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang diperkirakan akan berlangsung dalam kurun waktu tertentu dimasa mendatang atau bila ada tindakan lain terjadi (Tense ini jarang dipakai).
• I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive
Event in progress: studying.
When? Before another event in the future.
How long? For two hours.
The form:
S + Will + have + been + Present Participle (Ving)
Shall
It is use to express that an action will be still in progress at certain time in the future, while at the same time we think of it as action beginning in the past the form.
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada masa yang akan datang.
Bentuk ini menunjukkan bahwa suatu aktifitas belum akan terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu dimasa akan datang.
Pola ini pada umumnya menggunakan dua pola waktu.
e.g. - By the end of this year, I shall have been studying English for year
- We shall have been living in Bandung for ten years next June

Keteranga Waktu:
By the end of




Exercise
Use the Future Tense in the following sentences
1. Tony : This letter is in French, and I don't speak a word of French.
Can you help me?
Sandy : Sure. I (translate) ………………… it for you.
2. How long (stay, you) …………….. in this country?
3. Peter is going to leave in half an hour. He (finish) ………….. all of his work before he leaves.
4. Bob (come) ……………….soon. When Bob comes, we will see him.
5. She (begin) ………… work at an electronics firm.
6. Right now I am sitting in the class. At this time tomorrow, I (sit) …………… in the class.
7. I (finish) ……………….my home work by the time I go out on a date tonight.
8. I will go to bed at ten P.M. He will get home at midnight. At midnight I will be sleeping. I (sleep) ………………….. for two hours by the time he gets home.
9. We have been living here for along time. By the next June, we (be) …………………..lived for 5 years.
10. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday at this time, I was attending class. Tomorrow at this time, I (attend) ………………… class.

Part XI
Past Future Tense

A. Simple Past Future
Tense ini umumnya di pakai dalam conditional (kalimat pengandaian) atau reported speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
The form:
S + Would (you, they he, she, it) + Infinitive (V 1)
Should (I, we)
1. Menyatakan perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada waktu lampau
e.g. - I should go to Jakarta following day
- he would buy a car the previous day
2. Perbuatan yang akan dilakukan bila syaratnya dipenuhi pada waktu lampau
e.g. - he would come if you invited him

B. Past Future Continuous
Tense ini jarang sekali dipakai dan bila ada, hanya dijumpai dalam reported speech
The form:
S + Would (you, they he, she, it) + be + Present Participle (Ving)
Should (I, we)
Dipakai untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang akan sedang dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
e.g. - I should be taking an examination at this time following day
- he would be taking a prayer of down at this time following day
- I should be being there at this time the previous day

C. Past Future Perfect
Tense ini pada hakekatnya hanya dipakai dalam conditional (kalimat pengandaian) sebagai induk kalimat untuk menyatakan unreal past (lampau tidak nyata).
The form:
S + Would (you, they he, she, it) + have + Past Participle (V3)
Should (I, we)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian yang tidak terjadi karena syaratnya yang tidak pernah terpenuhi, ia hanya merupakan angan-angan saja seandainya syaratnya terpenuhi pada waktu lampau.
e.g. - he would have finished his work if he had the time
- he would have graduated if he had studied hard
- they would have been here if there had not been the rain

D. Past Future Perfect Continuous
Tense ini jarang sekali digunakan bahkan dalam reported speech.
The form:
S + Would + have + been + Present Participle (Ving)
Should
Bentuk ini merupakan bentuk lampau dari Present Future Perfect Continuous
e.g. - by the end of this month last semester, Siti would have been studying English at Harvard university for three years





Exercise
Make five sentences from the Simple Past Future, the Past Future Continuous, the Past Future Perfect and the Past Future Perfect Continuous, and translate into Indonesia language.

PART XII
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice on an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be in to the same tense as active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb

1. Active and Passive Sentences
(a) ACTIVE : Bob mailed the package (a) and (b) have same meaning
(b) PASSIVE : the package was mailed by Bob

(c) Bob mailed the package In (c): the object of an active sentence
S V O becomes the subject of a passive
sentence.
the package was mailed by Bob
S V "by-phrase"

(d) Bob mailed the package In (d): the subject of an active sentence is
S V O the object of by in the "by-phrase" in a
passive sentence
the package was mailed by Bob
S V "by-phrase"

(e) ACTIVE : the teacher corrects our homework
(f) PASSIVE : our homework is corrected by the teacher
(g) ACTIVE : Mr. Lee will teach this class
(h) PASSIVE : this class will be taught by Mr. Lee

Note : Form of all passive verbs:
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
BE can be in any of its forms:
am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, etc.
The Past Participle follow BE. For regular verbs, the past participle ends in-ed (e.g., mailed, corrected). Some past participles are irregular (e.g., taught).

2. Forming The Passive
(a) ACTIVE : Mary helped the boy Form of the passive: Be + Past
S V O Participle

(b) PASSIVE : The boy was helped by Mary
S V
note:
In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of
the passive verb: "the boy" in (a) becomes the subject of
the passive verb in (b). (a) and (b) have same meaning.
(c) ACTIVE : an accident happened
(d) PASSIVE : (none)
note:
Only transitive verb (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the
passive. It is not possible to used verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and
seem (intransitive verbs) in the passive.

ACTIVE PASSIVE
simple present Mary helps John John is helped by Marry
present continuous Mary is helping John John is being helped by Mary
present perfect has helping has been helped
simple past helped was helped
past continuous was helping was being helped
past perfect had helping had been helped
simple future will help will be helped
be going to is going to help is going to helped
future perfect will have helped will have been helped

3. Tense Form of Passive Verb
Notice that all the passive verb are formed with BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple Present The news surprises me I am suppressed by the news
The news surprises Sam Sam is suppressed by the news
The news surprises us We are suppressed by the news

Simple Past The news surprised me I was suppressed by the news
The news surprised us We were suppressed by the news

Present Perfect Bob has mailed The letter The letter has been mailed by Bob
Bob has mailed The letters The letters have been mailed by Bob

Future Bob will mail The letter The letter will be mailed by Bob
Bob is going to mailed The letter The letter is going to be
mailed by Bob


4. The Passive Form of The Present and Past Progressive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
The secretary is copying some letters (a) Some letters are being copied by secretary
Someone is building a new hospital (b) A new hospital is being built
Note;
Passive form of the present progressive/continuous: Am ,is ,were + being + past participle

The secretary was copying some letters (c) Some letters were being copied by secretary
Someone was building a new hospital (d) A new hospital was being built
Note;
Passive form of the past progressive/continuous: were, was + being + past participle

5. Using The Passive
(a) rice is grown in India
(b) our house was built in 1890
(c) this olive oil was imported form Spain
Note:
Usually the passive is used without a "by-phrase." The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not importance to know exactly who performs an action.In (a): rice is grown in India by people, by farmer, by someone. In sentence (a), it is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India.(a), (b), and (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without the "by-phrase."

(d) Live on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain
Note: The "by-phrase." Is included only if it is important to know who performs an action. In (d) by Mark Twain is important information.

(e) my aunt made this rug, (active)
(f) this rug was made by my aunt
this rug was made by my mother
Note: If the speaker/writer knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, as in (e).The passive may be used with "by-phrase" instead of the active when the speaker/writer wants to focus attention on the subject of sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two rugs.

6. Using the "by-phrase" Passive.
(a) this sweater was made by my aunt
(b) that sweater was made in Korea (by someone)
(c) Spanish is spoken in Colombia (by people)
(d) that house was built in 1940 (by someone)
(e) rice is grown in many country (by people)
Note; 1. the "by-phrase" is used in passive sentence when it is important to know who performs an action. In (a): by my aunt is important information.
2. Usually there is no "by-phrase" in a passive sentences. The passive is used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action. In (b): the exact person (or people) who made the sweater is not known and is not important to know, so there is no "by-phrase" in passive sentence.

7. Indirect Object As Passive Subject
O.I. D.O.
(a) someone gave Mrs. Lee an award
(b) Mrs. Lee was given an award
(c) someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee
(d) an award was given to Mrs. Lee
Note; 1. I.O. = indirect object D.O. = direct object
Either an indirect object or a direct object many become the subject of a passive sentence.
2. (a), (b), (c), and (d) have same meaning.
Note in (d): when the direct object becomes the subject, to is usually used in front of the direct object.
The omission of to is more common in British English than American English: An award was given Mrs. Lee

8. The Passive Form of Modals and Similar Expression

THE PASSIVE FORM:
modal be past participle
(a) Tom will be invited to the picnic.
(b) The window can't be opened
(c) Children should be taught to respect their elders.
(d) May I be excused from class?
(e) This book had better be returned to the library before Friday
(f) This letter ought to be sent before June 1st
(g) Mary has to be told about our change in plans
(h) Fred is supposed to be told about the meaning

THE PAST-PASSIVE FORM:
modal have been past participle
(i) The letter should have been sent last week
(j) This house must have been built aver 200 years ago
(k) Jack ought to have been invited to the party

9. Passive Modal Auxiliaries

ACTIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES
(modal + be + past participle)
Bob will mail it It will be mailed by Bob
Bob can mail it It can be mailed by Bob
Bob should mail it It should be mailed by Bob
Bob ought to mail it It ought to be mailed by Bob
Bob must mail it It must be mailed by Bob
Bob has to mail it It has to be mailed by Bob
Bob may mail it It may be mailed by Bob
Bob might mail it It might be mailed by Bob

Modal auxiliaries are often used in the passive.
FORM:
modal + be + past participle

10. Transitive and Intransitive Verb
(a) transitive verbs
Active : Bob mailed the letter
Passive : The letter was mailed by Bob
(b) intransitive verbs
Active : An accident happened
Passive : (not possible)
(c) incorrect : An accident was happened

Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive. A transitive verb is a verb that is followed by an object. Examples:
S V O
Bob mailed the letter
Mr. Lee signed the check
A cat killed the bird
An intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by an object. Examples:
S V
An accident happened
John came to our house
I slept well last night
An intransitive verb cannot be used in the passive

11. Stative Passive
(a) the door is old
(b) the door is green
(c) the door is locked
Note: In (a) and (b); old and green are adjectives. They describe the door. In (c): locked is past participle. It is used as in adjective. It describes the door.

(d) I locked the door five minutes ago
(e) the door was locked by me five minutes ago
(f) now the door is locked
(g) Ann broke the window
(h) the window was broken by Ann
(i) now the window is broken
Note: The passive form may be used to describe an existing situation or state, as in (f) an (i). No action happened before. There is no "by-phrase". The past participle functions are an object. When the passive form expresses an exiting state rather than an action, it is called the "stative passive"

(j) I am interested in Chinese art
(k) he is satisfied with his job
(l) Ann is married to Alex
Note; Often stative passive verbs are followed by a preposition other than by

(m) I don't know where I am. I am lost
(n) I can't find my purse. It is gone
(o) I am finished with my work
(p) I am done with my work
Note; (m) trough (p) are examples of idiomatic usage of the passive form. These sentences have no equivalent active sentences.

12. Summary: Passive Verb Form
Reminder: All passive are formed with "be-phrase"
Active Passive
Dr. Gray helps Tom Tom Is helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray is helping Tom Tom Is being helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray has helped Tom Tom Has been helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray helped Tom Tom Was helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray was helping Tom Tom Was being helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray had helping Tom Tom Had been helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray is going to help Tom Tom Is going to be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray will help Tom Tom Will be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray can help Tom Tom Can be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray should help Tom Tom Should be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray ought to help Tom Tom Ought to be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray must help Tom Tom Must be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray has to help Tom Tom Has to be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray may help Tom Tom May be helped by Dr. Gray
Dr. Gray might help Tom Tom Might be helped by Dr. Gray


Exercise 12
Change the following sentences from Active to Passive Voice
1. Mr. Ahmad teaches them English
2. My father gives me money every month
3. They have finished their home work
4. Rudi lent her some money
5. He was kicking the dog
6. By tomorrow they will have cut all the grass
7. I shall send some letter to him today
8. She has asked him to visit her
9. They had completed their home work before two o'clock
10. That man is mending by watch

















NAMBAH
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice on an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be in to the same tense as active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb:
Example:
• We keep the book here
( The book is kept here
• They broken the window
( The window was broken
• People have seen wolves in the street
( Wolves have been seen in the street
• They are repairing the car
( The car is being repaired
• You must open the door
( The door must be opened
• I remember my father taking me to the zoo
( I remember being taken to the zoo by my father

TABLE OF ACTIVE TENSE AN THEIR PASSIVE EQUIVALENTS
Tense Active Passive
Simple Present Keeps Is kept
Present Continuous Is keeping Is being kept
Simple Past Kept Was kept
Past Continuous Was keeping Was being kept
Present Perfect Has kept Has been kept
Past Perfect Had kept Had been kept
Future Will keep Will be kept
Conditional Would keep Would be kept
Present Infinitive To keep To be kept
Gerund Keeping To be kept
Perfect Participle Having kept Having been kept
PART XIII
REPORTED SPEECH

Catatan
Ada jalan dua arah apa yang seseorang sudah katakan :kalimat langsung atau kalimat tidak. dalam direct speech kita mengulangi kata-kata pembicara yang asli:
He said, I have lost my umbrella (Ia berkata, aku sudah kehilangan payung ku)
Keterangan yang seperti itu diulangi, suatu tanda koma atau tanda titik dua ditempatkan sebelum komentar. Direct speech ditemukan dalam percakapan-percakapan di dalam buku, peraturan permainan, dan permasalahan.
dalam indirect speech kita memberi maksud/arti yang pada komentar atau suatu pembicaraan, tanpa perlu mengulangi kata pembicara yang asli:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella (Ia berkata bahwa ia telah kehilangan payung nya)
Tidak ada tanda koma setelah berkata di dalam kalimat tak langsung. Kalimat tak langsung adalah normalnya digunakan ketika percakapan dilaporkan secara lisan, meskipun demikian indirect speech di sini untuk memberi suatu pengaruh yang lebih dramatis.
Ketika kita masukan direct speech kepada indirect speech, ada beberapa perubahan. Agar lebih mudah dipelajarinya kita harus mempertimbangkan statemen-statemen, pertanyaan-pertanyaan, dan perintah-perintah secara terpisah
See Apeendix 2.
ada tiga orang sahabat Ahmad, Tony dan Sandi. Ahmad akan pergi ke sekolah,
Ahmad memberitahukan pada Tony bahwa aku pergi ke sekolah .
Tidak berapa lama Sandi datang menanyakan keberadaan Ahmad pada Toni,
Toni berkata dalam hati Ahmad tadi berkata "saya pergi ke sekolah"
Selanjutnya Toni memberitahukan/ menerangkan kepada Sandi secara dramatis:
Ahmad berkata (bahwa) dia pergi ke sekolah.
1. Quoted Speech
Sometime we want to quote a speaker's word-to write a speaker's exact words. Exact quotations are used in many kind of writing, such as newspaper articles, stories, and novels, and academic papers. When we quote a speaker's word, we used quotation marks.
SPEAKER: SPEAKER'S EXACT WORDS
Jane : Cats are fun to watch
Mike : Yes, I agree. They're graceful and
playful. Do you own a cat ?
QUOTING THE SPEAKER'S WORD
1. Jane said, "Cats are fun to watch"
2. Mike said, "Yes, I agree. They're graceful and playful. Do you own a cat?"

How to write quotation
1. Put a coma after said* Jane said
2. Put quotation marks Jane said, "
3. Capitalize the first word of the quotation Jane said, "C
4. Write the quotation. Put a final period Jane said, "Cat are .....
5. Put quotation marks after the period Jane said, "Cat are.... watch"
6. When there are two (or more)sentences in a quotation, put the quotation marks at the beginning and end of the whole quote. Do not put quotation marks around each sentence.
Mike said, "yes, I agree. They're graceful and playful. Do you own a cat?"

7. AS with a period, put the quotation marks after a question mark at the end of quote.
INCORRECT:
Mike said, "Yes, I agree." "They're graceful and playful." "Do you own a cat."

2. Quoted Speech vs. Reported Speech
QUOTED SPEECH:
Refer to reproducing another person's exact words. Quotation, marks are used
1. Ann said, "I am hungry."
2. Tom said, "I need my pen."

REPORTED SPEECH:
Refer to reproducing the idea of another person's words. Not all of the exact words are used: verb form and pronouns may change. Quotation marks are note used.
1. Ann said that she was hungry
2. Tom said that he needed his pen
Notice in the examples:
The verb forms and pronouns change from quoted speech to reported speech.

3. Verb Form Usage in Reported Speech:
Formal Sequence of Tense
FORMAL: If the main verb of the sentence is in the past (e.g., said) the verb in the noun clause is usually also in a past form. Notice the verb form changes in the examples below.
QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
1. He said, " I work hard." He said (that) he worked hard.
2. He said, " I am working hard." He said (that) he was working hard.
3. He said, " I have worked hard." He said (that) he had worked hard.
4. He said, " I worked hard." He said (that) he had worked hard.
5. He said, " I am going to work hard." He said (that) he was going to work hard.
6. He said, " I will work hard." He said (that) he would work hard.
7. He said, " I can work hard." He said (that) he could work hard.
8. He said, " I may work hard." He said (that) he might work hard.
9. He said, " I have to work hard." He said (that) he had work hard.
10. He said, " I must work hard." He said (that) he had work hard.
11. He said, " I should work hard." He said (that) he should work hard.
(no change)
12. He said, " I ought to work hard." He said (that) he ought to work hard.
(no change)

INFORMAL: Sometimes, especially in speaking, the verb in the noun clause is not changed if the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said.
13. Immediate reporting: A: What did Ann just say? I didn't hear her.
B: She Said (that) she is hungry
14. Later reporting: A: What did Ann say when she got home last night?
B: She said (that) she was hungry

4. Using Say vs. Tell
(a) Ann said that she was hungry
Say is followed immediately by noun clause
(b) Ann told me that she was hungry
(c) Ann told us that she was hungry
(d) Ann told John that she was hungry
(e) Ann told someone that she was hungry
Tell is not followed immediately by a noun clause.
Tell is followed immediately by a (pro)noun object (e.g., me, us, John, someone) and then by a noun clause.
INCORRECT: Ann told that she was hungry.

5. Using Ask If
Ask, NOT say or tell, is used to reported speech
YES/NO QUESTIONS NOUN CLAUSE
Sam said to me, "Are you happy?" (a) Sam asked me if I was hungry
Sam said to Jane "Are you happy?" (b) Sam asked Jane if she was hungry

(c) INCORRECT: Sam asked me that I was hungry. If, NOT that, is used after ask to introduce anoun clause

(d) Sam asked me if I was hungry
(e) Sam asked me whether I was hungry
Whether has the same meaning as if.

(f) Sam asked if I was hungry
The (pro)noun object (e.g. me) may be omitted after ask

(g) Sam wanted to know if I was hungry
(h) Sam wondered if I was hungry
(i) Sam inquired whether or not I was hungry
In addition to ask, yes/no questions can be reported by using want to know, wonder, and inquired

6. Using Verb + Infinitive to Reported Speech
QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
(a) Joe said, "Please come to my party" (d) Joe invited me to come to his party
(b) Joe said, "Can you come to my party?"
(c) Joe said, "Would you like to come to my party"

S + V + O + Infinitive phrase
(e) Joe invited me to come to his party
(f) I told Ann to study harder
Some verbs are followed immediately by a (pro) noun object and them an infinitive phrase. These verbs (see the list bellow ) are often used to reported speech.
REPORTING SPEECH :VERB (PRO)NOUN OBJECT INFINITIVE
advise someone to invite someone to remind someone to
ask someone to order someone to tell someone to
encourage someone permit someone to warn someone to


7. Some Troublesome Verb: Advice, Suggest, and Recommend
(a) John advise me to call a doctor
(b) John advise calling a doctor
Note; (a) and (b) have the same meaning. In (a): when advise is followed by a (pro)noun object, an infinitive. In (b): when there is no (pro)noun object after advise , a gerund is used.

(c) John suggested calling a doctor
(d ) John recommended calling a doctor
Note; Suggest and recommend can also be followed immediately by a gerund.

(e) Correct : John suggested that I should calling a doctor
Incorrect : John suggested me to calling a doctor
f. Correct : John recommended that I should calling a doctor
Incorrect : John recommended me to call a doctor
Note;
Suggest and recommend cannot be followed by a (pro)noun object and aninfinitive,
but they can be followed by "that-clause" in which should is used.


Exercise 13
1. Bob said, "I will help you"
Bob said ____________________________________________

2. "do you need a pen?" Anne ask me.
Anne asked me _____________________________________

3. John asked, "what do you want?"
John asked me ________________________________________

4. Andi said, "are you hungry?"
Andi wanted to know ____________________________________

5. "I am going to move to Jakarta" said Buddi
Budi informed me _______________________________________

6. Nani asked, "have you seen my Grammar book"
Nani want to know _____________________________________

7. Jenny said, "you should study hard"
Jenny told me ­______________________________________

8. Siti said, "I will come to the meeting"
Siti told me ______________________________________________

9. Sam asked, "where is Ahmad"
Sam wanted to know ______________________________________

10. Susan said, "I don't want to go"
Susan said __________________________________________________


NAMBAH
REPORTED SPEECH

Ada jalan dua arah apa yang seseorang sudah katakan :kalimat langsung atau kalimat tidak. dalam direct speech kita mengulangi kata-kata pembicara yang asli:
He said, I have lost my umbrella (Ia berkata, aku sudah kehilangan payung ku)
Keterangan yang seperti itu diulangi, suatu tanda koma atau tanda titik dua ditempatkan sebelum komentar. Direct speech ditemukan dalam percakapan-percakapan di dalam buku, peraturan permainan, dan permasalahan.
dalam indirect speech kita memberi maksud/arti yang pada komentar atau suatu pembicaraan, tanpa perlu mengulangi kata pembicara yang asli:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella (Ia berkata bahwa ia telah kehilangan payung nya)
Tidak ada tanda koma setelah berkata di dalam kalimat tak langsung. Kalimat tak langsung adalah normalnya digunakan ketika percakapan dilaporkan secara lisan, meskipun demikian indirect speech di sini untuk memberi suatu pengaruh yang lebih dramatis.
Ketika kita masukan direct speech kepada indirect speech, ada beberapa perubahan. Agar lebih mudah dipelajarinya kita harus mempertimbangkan statemen-statemen, pertanyaan-pertanyaan, dan perintah-perintah secara terpisah

There are two ways of relating what a person has said: Direct and Indirect Speech. In Direct Speech we repeat original speaker's actual words: He said "I lost my book". In Indirect Speech we give the exact meaning of a speech, without necessarily using the speakers exact words: He said that he lost his book.
When we turn Direct into Indirect Speech, some changes are usually necessary. When the introductory verb (say, tell, remark, etc), is in Present, Present Perfect or Future, direct statement can be reported without any changes of tense: He says "the train will be late" = He says (that) the train will be late. But when the introductory verb in Past Tense, the Tense changes are necessary.

Form:
Direct Indirect

Simple Present Simple Past
Toni said " I see a good film" Toni said (that) he saw a good film
"I never eat meat" he explained He explained (that) he never ate meat

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Andy said "I am Writing English lesson Andy said (that) he was writing English les
Anton said "I am going to see the cinema Anton said (that) he was going to see the c

Present Perfect Past Perfect
Ali said "I have seen the ghost" Ali said (that) he had seen the ghost
Ana said "I have lived here for along time" Ana said (that) she had lived here for along time

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Susan said "I have been waiting for you" Susan said (that) she had been waiting for me
He said "I have been studying English" He said (that) he had been studying English

Simple Past Past Perfect
He said "I went to Jakarta last week" He said (that) he had gone to Jakarta last week

Past Continuous Past Perfect
• John said "I was sewing my dress" John said (that) he had been sewing his dress

Simple Future Simple Past Future
• Anton said "I will post the letter" Anton said (that) he would post the letter
• He said " the teacher will come" He said (that) the teacher would come

Future Continuous Past Future Perfect
• Toni said "I shall be working at ten" Toni said (that) he would be working at ten
• He said "I Shall be studying hard" He said (that) he would be studying hard

Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
• John said "I shall have done this work John said (that) he would have done this work
by the end of this week" by the end of this week

Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Continuous
- Ali said " I shall have been working Ali said (that) he would have been working
at this office for five years" at this office for five years

Simple Past Future Past Future Perfect
• John said "I should come if you invited me" John said (that) he would have came
if I invited him

Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Continuous
• Andi said "I should be taking an examination" Andi said (that) he would have been taking
an examination

1. Interrogative Sentences
Bila Reported Speech merupakan kalimat tanya say/tell dirubah menjadi ask/inquired
Example:
• He said to me "when are you going?"
He asked to me where I was going.
• He said time "what are you doing?"
He inquired of me what I was doing.

Dengan menggunakan if/whether
• He ask to me "are you going away today"
He ask me whether I was going away that day.
• Siti said to me "have you ever been to Bali"
Siti asked me if I had been to Bali

1. Imperative Sentences
Command (menyuruh)
He said to his servant "go away at once"
He ordered his servant to go away at once.
Percept (menasehati)
She said to her son "study hard"
She advised her son to study hard
Request (berbaik hati)
He said to his friend "please lend me your pencil"
He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
Entreaty (memohon)
He said to his master "pardon me, sir"
He begged his master to pardon him
Prohibition (melarang)
He said to his daughter "do not go there"
He forbade her daughter to go there

Exclamatory Sentences
• Siti said "how handsome the writer is!"
Siti said how handsome the writer is!
• He said "hurrah! my old friend has come"
He exclaimed with joy that his old friend has come
• He said " God bless you, my son"
He prayed that God would bless his son


PART IV
CONJUNCTION

Conjunction (kata sambung) ialah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua kalimat atau kata-kata.
Menyambung :
1. Kalimat dengan kalimat
John went to school and (he) met his friends
John pergi ke sekolah dan (ia) berjumpa dengan temannya
2. Kata sifat dengan kata sifat
He is cleaver and diligent
Dia pintar dan rajin
3. Kata tambahan dengan kata tambahan
I wrote it carefully but slowly
Saya menulis dengan hati-hati tetapi lambat
4. Kata benda dengan kata benda
John and Mary are students
John dan Mary adalah pelajar
5. Kata kerja dengan kata kerja
John sang and dance
John menyanyi dan menari

Dari contoh diatas kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa antara dua kalimat yang digabungkan ada kalimat yang saling tidak mengikat:
e.g. she is beautiful (ia cantik)
she is lazy (ia malas)
Kedua kalimat tersebut tidak tergantung satu sama lain dan mempunyai arti sendiri, tetapi bisa dirangkaikan menjadi satu dengan conjunction menjadi:
She is beautiful but lazy
Conjunction demikian dinamakan Coordinative Conjunction.
Jika dipisahkan kalimat itu masing-masing adalah kalimat yang lengkap.
e.g. ( Aisah wasn't allowed to go home
(Aisah tidak boleh pulang)
( She had asked for it many times
(ia telah memintanya beberapa kali)
Kalimat 1 dan 2 seolah-olah minta dihubungkan (dimana kalimat yang satu bergantung pada kalimat yang lain). Conjunction yang demikuan disebut Subordinate Conjunction. Bentuk kalimat itu menjadi:
Aisah wasn't allowed to go home thought she had asked for it many times
(Aisah tidak boleh pulang walaupun ia telah memintanya beberapa kali)
Kata-kata penghubung yang berpasangan:
• Either … or … (baik … manpun …)
Either this book or that book is hers
Baik buku ini maupun buku itu kepunyaannya
• Neither … nor … (tidak … atau pun …)
Neither this book nor that book is hers
Tidak buku ini atau pun buku itu kepunyaannya
• Both … and … (keduanya … dan …)
I have both your book and your pen
Saya membawa buku dan penamu keduanya
• Not only … but also … (tidak hanya … tapi juga …)
She is not only beautiful but also cleaver
Dis tidak hanya cantik tetapi juga pandai

Conjunction
As, After, as, so, soon as, accordingly, also, too, although, thought, But, Because, besides, moreover, even, even if, Till, Until, When, Whence, Wherefore, Whereas, never the less, further, for, how, how ever, yet, first, like wish , so, namely, or, provide, then, while , where, whither, whenever,

Exercise
Fill in the blanks on the left-hand side with suitable words or phrases available on the right-hand side.
1. He is happy ………… his sister sad
2. He is absent ………….he is sick
3. I came home late ………..there was traffic jam on the way.
4. I will visit Pangandaran beach ……… I have time
5. We had just arrived at home ……….. it rained very heavily
6. ……….. Andy and Susan are capable of playing piano
7. At ten o'clock I go to bed ……… switch off the lamp
8. I don't care ………. you go or stay
9. She could not pass her exam ………….. she had tried five time
10. He is sick ………. he doesn't go to school


but so and both because
though if whether when for



As : kalau , seperti, sementara
After : Sesudah
as, so, soon as : demi, serta
accordingly : Menurut
also, too : Juga
although, thought : Walaupun
But : tetapi, tapi
Because : karena, sebab
besides : selain itu, apalagi, selain
moreover : Meskipun
Even : begitu juga , bahkan
even if : Sehingga
Till : Hingga
Until : Sampai
When : Ketika
Whence : dari mana
Wherefore : Mengapa
Whereas : lain dari pada itu, melainkan
never the less : akan tetapi, walaupun, demikian
Further : Selanjtnya
For : Untuk
How : Bagaimana
how ever : Meskipun
Yet : meskipun,demikian tetapi
First : Pertama
like wish : Serupa
So : begitu, demikian, sehingga, jadi
Namely : yaitu, adalah
Or : Atau
Provide : asal saja
Then : kemudian, maka, lalu
While : sedang, sementara
Where : Dimana
Whither : Kemana
Whenever : kapan saja

PART XV
PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show it relationship to some other words in a sentence.
e.g. He lives in Jakarta
She is not at home
The cat hides itself under the table
This book is for you
Sometimes the preposition in used before noun or pronoun
e.g. For whom is Dick waiting? / Who is Dick waiting for?
He is waiting for me (preceding a pronoun)
From where do you come from? / Where do you come from?
I come from Jakarta (preceding a noun)
On what did you put the vase? / What did you put the vase on?
I put it on the table (preceding a noun)

The kinds of preposition
1. Simple Preposition:
At, by, down, on, for, since, till, of, off, past, until, in, with, under, to, from, round
2. Double Preposition:
from behind, from among, from under, out of, from within, from off, over against
3. Compound Preposition:
across (on cross), amidst (on middle), behind (by hind), about (on by out), above (on by up), before (by fore) , below (by low), between (by twain), but (by out except)
4. Participle Preposition
Considering, respecting, during, pending, concerning, regarding, including, owing to, notwithstanding, according to
5. Phrase Preposition
because of, by means of, by reason of, in place of, In point of, in behalf of, for the shake of, In view of, in front of, for the purpose of, instead of, in spite of

Some preposition with example:
Preposition Meaning Example
About Di sekitar About the house
Pada You have your wits about you
Tentang We talk about a plan of spending holiday
Kira-kira It's about five o'clock

Above Di atas / Lebih dari The temperature was above 40
Sebelumya; terdahulu You can see the example above
Di atas kemampuan The problem is above me


Across Ke seberang He swam across the river
Di seberang He lives across the street

After Setelah We shall go after lunch
Karena After the big dinner, I couldn't finish my dessert
Meskipun After all her suffering, she is still cheerful
Lewat It's now a quarter after ten
Tentang Your mother asked after you
Menurut She is named after her grandmother
Mengenang The baby was named after his father
Sesuai He is friend after my own heart
Pangkat yang lebih rendah A major comes after colonel

Against Bertentangan You have acted against the rules
Berlawanan arah We will sail against the wind
Di atas Rain beats against the window
Pada Leaning against the wall
Melanggar Your scheme is against the law
Bersaing dengan A race against the opponent
Untuk mencegah Injection against typhus
Terhadap A raincoat is a protection against rain
Untuk persediaan Squirrels store up nuts against winter

Among Di tengah-tengah He was among bad people
Bertalian dengan Mother Theresa lived among the poor
Salah satu The United State is among the larges countries
Di antara A house among the trees
Termasuk Football and basketball are among my favorite sports
Untuk setiap Please divide the cake among you!
Bersama-sama Among us, we can increase the fund
Saling The students quarreled among themselves

At Di This picture better at a distance
Kepada atau kearah She threw a book at the table
Berada (dalam keadaan) I was at home all day yesterday
Pada At two o'clock
Pada (mengenai umur) He left his country at the age of 20.
Sibuk dengan People at work
Dalam (used after adjc) Good at grammar
Dalam keadaan The two counties were at war
Karena The little child was shocked at his father's anger
Pada posisi At five meters below the sea
Untuk A pen at two dollars
Dengan; secara I bought the book at a low price
Menurut Do at your ability!
Manghadiri She is at the meeting now
Dari She got the rice at the kitchen
Melalui The thief entered at the back window
Di dalam Stay at home all the day

Before Sebelum He will be back before lunch
Di depan To bring before the policeman
Sedang menunggu The new world is before us
Di hadapan To deliver a speech before the audience

Behind Di belakang; dari belakang I hind behind a tree
Mendukung My friends behind me
Tersembunyi dalam Dishonest was behind his smooth manners
Terlambat The school bus was behind today
Ketinggalan He is behind the other students his class

Beneath Di bawah The flowers were growing beneath the tree
Tidak pantas It is beneath her to tell the secret
Di kaki There is a cabin beneath the hill

Beside Di sebelah; di samping Put your briefcase beside me
Selain dari There will be five, beside john for the lunch
Bandingkan dengan He look tall beside his sister
Tdk berhubungan dgn That evidence is beside the case

Between Antara; di antara I stood between the two men
Berkisar antara Will you come between nine and ten o'clock
Antar A highway between cities
Melibatkan; menyangkut A war between two countries
Bersama-sama They caught two butterflies between them
Yg menghubungkan There is a highway between Jakarta and BDG
Atas kerjasama They caught ten fish between them

Beyond Di seberang The house is just beyond the tree
Melebihi He's living beyond his salary
Terlambat The baby was up well beyond his bed time
Terlalu sulit The theme of the story is beyond him
Melewati My school is beyond the post office
Selain I will ask nothing beyond the question given to me
Di luar It is beyond my ability

By Di tepi; samping; dekat His house is by the river
Sepanjang Go by the beach
Oleh He was killed by a bad man
Kali A house fifty by thirty meters
Berjumlah Cups by the dozen
Tak lewat dari By five o'clock
Selama The moon shines by the night
Melewati They walked by the trees
Menurut It's seven o'clock by my watch
Tentang I know by the meaning of your name
Dari I know him by name only
Demi One by one
Sampai His land lies east by west


Concerning Tentang She wrote a book concerning the plant world
Berubungan There was nothing done concerning his duty
Masalah She would take a diet concerning her fatness

Considering Memikirkan He was no time to considering the matter
Menganggap I'm considering her an excellent pianist

Down Sepanjang I walk down the beach
Selama She wait for down the months

Round Keliling He looked round the world
Sepanjang Around the year
Seluruh; sekeliling The news spread around the country

Since Sejak I've been here since the morning
Since I'm an assistance that's all I can explain to you

Till Hingga; sampai My brother will be here till tomorrow
We works from morning till night

To Ke; menuju I went to the concert
Kepada Give the book to her
Sampai He will be in London from Monday to Friday
Kurang It's ten minutes to eleven
Dibandingkan dengan; daripada I prefer coffee to milk
Untuk Come to my house to dinner
Yang menyebabkan To my horror, he took a pistol out of his pocket

Toward Kearah; menuju The puppy ran toward the house
Terhadap; berkenaan What is your felling toward them?
Untuk To save toward a new car
(waktu) mendekati; menjelang The snow stopped toward morning

Of Dari Man of the North
Disebabkan oleh; karena He died of typhus
Berlatar belakang A lady of humble beginning
Oleh A book of famous writer
Terbuat dari This table made of wood
Kurang Ten minutes of five
Untuk A day of rest

Off Jauh dari They jumped off the edge
Cabang dari A little way off main street
Jatuh He fell off a tree
Berhenti Most of women are off of smoking

On Di atas A glass on the table
Pada A painting on the wall
Bagian; sebelah On the right, you will se the campus
Sedang berlangsung The match is on
Tentang; mengenai A book on art
Ke arah They are marching on Monas
Pada saat Ask for it on leaving this store
Di dalam The tourists are on the big bus
Pada hari/waktu tertentu On Sunday
Menjadi anggota She's on the swimming club now
Menggunakan It is said that the move star is on drugs

On to / onto Keatas The man got onto the train
Menyadari I'm very much aware onto your sick plane

Outside Luar He chained his dog outside the house
Bagian luar My mother ordered me to study outside the room

Over Di atas; ke atas muka; menutupi The clouds is over our head
Lebih tinggi dari The tree is over our house
Lebih dari It costs over $ 1,000
Di seberang A bridge over a river
Lompat I jump over the fence
Sampai akhir She stay over the week-end
Pada I leaned over the chair
Selama Over the last three years
Tentang He's worried over his examination
Di sekeliling Farm were scattered over the valley
Di balik He hid over the door
Melalui They talked over the phone

Past Lewat It's past six o'clock
Melewati She walked past me but she turned her face

Per Setiap 40 cent per gallon
Melalui, dengan I sent the letter per my servant
Menurut Per instruction

Regarding Memperhatikan Regarding its condition I'll tell you later

During Selama They live in the country during summer
Pada waktu; ketika During the third act

For Selama We wanted for an hour
Untuk; bagi This letter is for Siti
Pergi ke; menuju ke The train for London
Karena; sebab He was punished for being late
Untuk mempertahankan To fight for the county
Seharga He bought a book for ten Dollar
Sebagi pengganti To use saccharine for sugar
Mencari Looking for a job
Diberikan untuk There's a prize for you
Sebagai imbalan One dollar for each correct answer
Diarahkan; ditujukan This letter for you
Peka terhadap An ear for music
Untuk kepentingan To work for the group
Sebagai rasa hormat A banquet wag given for the grandmother
Mengenai Just trust me for it
Menganggap She is brave for a girl
Cocok untuk; pantas The movie for adult only
Kendatipun; walaupun For all this wealth, he is not happy
Untuk mencapai/memperoleh To compete for a prize
Dengan tujuan I dance for pleasure
Sebagai; seperti To know for a fact
Disebabkan oleh, The man was respected for his honesty
Atas Thank you for your kindness
Menampung, memuat There's room for three people
Pada Love for job
Sejumlah A check for $ 1000

From Dari He comes from German
Mulai dari From morning to afternoon
Menjauhi; menyingkir Keep away from fire
Salah satu dari Take one from three
Membedakan Anyone can tell apples from orange
Disebabkan oleh; karena He died from his distance
Berubah menjadi From hot to cold

In Di In the garden
Di dalam In the water
Selama; setelah To back in one hour
Berhubungan dengan In business
Menurut In my opinion
Dengan Every students must write in ink
Karena He acted in self-defense
Pada In the afternoon
Di antara One in a thousand
Ketika; selagi In waiting for you
Mengenai A book in geography
Yang mengenakan The girl in white dress
Berpakaian She was in silk

Inside Dalam Inside the house
Dalam ruanga Every students must study inside the class

Into Ke dalam He walked into the room
Dalam They disappeared into the night
Menjadi He changed the prince into a frog

Like Mirip She is like her sister
Seperti itu Don't speak like that
Manpaknya It look like raining

Near Dekat He sat near the fire to keep his body warm
It is convenient to live near the market

Without Tanpa I'll come without my sister
Di luar The suspected man stood without the theatre


With Dengan He filled his bag with clothes
Mempunyai; memiliki The girl with the short hair is my sister
Dengan memakai I cut meat with a knife
Bersama She went to the party with her boy friend
Karena She almost fainted with shock
Terhadap Be patient with him
Dari He was reluctant to party with her
Pada pihak He is with me
Meskipun; walaupun With his richness, she is still humble

Within Di dalam The troops camped within the walls of the fort
Tidak lebih She'll be here within an hour
dLm jangauan Matches should not be left within reach of children

Upon Diatas The student put attention upon the teacher's words
Pada He ran upon hearing the news







Exercises
Fill in with the correct preposition.
1. The house is (in, on) fire. Call (to, for) help
2. She looked (at, to) the busy street (from, through) the window
3. Is it far (from, by) here (for, to) station
4. We told the police (of, about) the accident
5. Put your name (at, on) the top right hand corner (in, of) the paper
6. The dog is running (behind, after) the boy
7. I was (at, in) home last night
8. We always go to school (on, with, by) foot
9. Come and sit (near, by) the fire
10. Take here (at, by) the hand

Part xvi
Subjunctive

Subjunctive adalah suatu tata bahasa yang mengemukakan suatu pengharapan biasanya bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang ada.
1. Present Subjunctive
Bentuk ini digunakan dalam kata seruan untuk menyatakan keinginan atau harapan.
e.g. God bless you
God forgive you
2. Unreal Past Tense Subjunctive
a. Subjunctive after wish
Form
Wish + Subject + Past Tense Wish + Subject + Past Perfect
Subject (I, he, she, it) + were
Bentuk ini digunakan Bentuk ini digunakan untuk
untuk penyesalan tentang menyatakan penyesalan
situasi sekarang. tentang situasi yang lewat

e.g. I wish I knew his address e.g. I wish you had written to her
I wish you could drive a car We wish we had invited him
I wish she were here

b. Subjunctive after if only
Form
If only + Subject + Past Tense If only + Subject + Past Perfect

e.g. If only she knew the answer e.g. If only he had gone with her
yesterday
If only my sister were older If only she had studied harder for
examination
If only she were here If only she had been here

c. Subjunctive behind would rather
Would rather digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang merasa lebih senang melakukan sesuatu yang lain. Pada bentuk ini dapat digunakan dengan subyek yang berada di depan atau di belakangnya.
e.g. I would rather you come home now
mother would rather we stayed at home
I would rather she had come to my party

d. Subjunctive as if/as through
Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan ketidaknyataan, ketidakmungkinan atau keraguan.
e.g. He acts as if Anita were sick
She talk as if she knew everything
No body talked to him as if they hadn't known him
He sat in front of the station as trough he were a beggar





Exercise
1. Complete the following sentences
1. I have no bicycle but I wish ……………..
2. She cannot play the guitar but she wishes ……………….
3. I am not beautiful but I wish ……………..
4. Today isn't a holyday but I wish ……………..
5. His sister is ill but she wish …………………
2. Rewrite the following sentences using "if only"
1. She wishes she were in her office
2. He wishes he could arrive on time
3. You wish they hid the key
4. My mother wishes the gardener had come back
5. She wishes she could sleep well


PART XVII
PREFERENCE

Preference atau pilihan adalah mengungkapkan pendapat tentang menyukai sesuatu lebih dari yang lain.
Pola-pola kalimat
1. like better than
form:
subject + like/s + nominal 1/V-ing + better than + nominal 2/ V-ing

e.g. He likes tea better than coffee
We like a small table better than a big one
I like swimming better than dancing

2. prefer to
form:
subject + prefer + nominal 1/V-ing + to + nominal 2/ V-ing

e.g. He prefer tea to coffee
We prefer a small table to a big one
I prefer swimming to dancing

3. would rather than
form:
subject + would rather + verb without to + than + verb without to

e.g. He would rather read book than write a letter
We would rather leave early than wait for him

4. would rather rather than
form:
subject + would rather + verb with to + rather than + verb without to

e.g. I would rather to go home rather than stay behind alone
He would rather to play badminton rather than go for swim

5. rather than would prefer
form:
rather than+ verb without to + subject + would rather + verb with to

e.g. Rather than stay behind alone I would prefer to go home
Rather than go for swim he would prefer to play badminton

Exercise
A. Choose the right answer
1. No one prefers ……..
a. coffee than milk b. coffee from milk c. coffee to milk
d. to coffee than milk e. to coffee than to milk
2. I like football better…………
a. than basketball b. to basketball c. as basketball
d. as for basketball e. from to basketball
3. He'd rather stay at home than ……….
a. went to opera b. goes to opera c. go to the opera
d. to go to the opera e. going to the opera
4. I'd rather ……than beer
a. wine b. have wine c. having wine
d. to have wine e. will have wine
5. Andy prefer ……to with
a. brown b. have brown c. having brown
d. to have brown e. take brown


B. Join the following pairs sentences using the word or phrases between brackets
1. My mother drinks tea. She doesn't drink much milk (like)
2. Maria speak English. She never speak French (prefer)
3. The children sometimes go to library. They often go to the cinema (would rather)
4. Anne often listens to waltz. She sometimes listen to jazz (like)
5. I study everyday. I take a rest during the holiday (prefer)

PART XVIII
GERUND

a gerund is a word formed a verb used as a noun and ending in ing.
e.g. The prince's hobby is hunting
We must abolish gambling
Swimming makes the body healthy

The Function Of Gerund:
Gerund can be used as a subject, complement an object of verb or as an object of preposition
1. Used as subject
e.g. Gambling can't make anyone rich
Smoking is not good for health
Praying is the Moslem's duty
2. Used as complement
e.g. The last lesson is reading
His hobby is playing chess
His job is photographing
3. Used as object of verb
e.g. Have you finished reading the newspaper?
Do you like watching television
Let us stop arguing
4. Used as the object of preposition
e.g. I'll come to your place after eating lunch
I am sorry for keeping you waiting
After working hard the children fell tried
Note : a gerund always ends in ing, but not all words ending in ing are gerunds.
They may be present participles or verb phrase.
e.g.
Sitting, the leader was thinking about the planning
The word sitting isn't a gerund, but he present participle, because it is used an adjective qualifying the noun leader. The word thinking is not a gerund but it is a part of the verb phrase was thinking. The gerund is only one, planning which used as a noun becoming object of preposition about.

The words with follows the gerund
Admit, delay, forget, mind, regret, advise, deny, hate, miss, remember, appreciate, enjoy, keep, postpone, resist, discuss, finish, like, practice, risk, dislike, fancy, love, quite, stop, suggest

The phrase with follows the gerund
can't help, go on, put off, can't bear, give up, no use, can't stand, keep on, no need, carry on, Looked forward to.
e.g. We couldn't help laughing when we hear the joke
He has given up smoking
We look forward to meeting the manager





Exercises
A. Put the verbs in brackets in to gerund form
1. Yulia is found of (read) novel written by Amru Dowly
2. Mr. Andy is looking forward to (visit) Indonesia
3. (swim) is considered to be a good exercise
4. Ahmad hates (be) called "fatty"
5. The new students began to (practice) the conversation

B. Put each of following in complete sentence as functions shown
1. joking "as gerund as participle and as adverb"
2. learning English by heart "as a gerund phase and a participle one"
3. fishing "as complement"
4. closing "as subject"
5. sewing "as object of preposition"